Wednesday, October 22, 2008

15 million euro food aid for east Africa

European Commission ohas today announced 15 million euros (20 million dollars) of emergency food aid for victims of drought and soaring food prices in five east African countries.
According to EU statement more than 10 million people will benefit from new funding, with biggest share going to Ethiopia and Somalia and smaller amounts to Kenya, Uganda and Djibouti.The money released today by EU's executive arm will help provide food aid, including supplies for malnourished children, along with short-term support for farmers, including distribution of seeds and tools, statement added."In some parts of the world, a major catastrophe is brewing because growing numbers of people don't have enough food to survive," said EU Humanitarian Aid Commissioner Louis Michel, speaking on World Food Day."The Commission has responded to these urgent needs by dramatically increasing its food assistance to the most vulnerable," he also said.So far this year commission has provided 134.5 million euros worth of humanitarian aid for countries in the region, including 30 million euros to improve drought preparedness in the region.

Wednesday, October 15, 2008

"Millions more Ethiopians going hungry"

According to new information released by Oxfam International, aid efforts for Ethiopia are stalling while the number of Ethiopians needing emergency assistance has leapt by 40 percent from 4.6 million to 6.4 million people since June. Cereal rations to those needing assistance had been "reduced by a third because not enough food is reaching the country," it said.

The UK-based humanitarian organisation today called on all donors to "respond generously to the worsening crisis as, according to the UN, the total aid effort is currently under-funded to the tune of US$ 260 million." The revised numbers of those needing emergency assistance was likely "to be a conservative estimate and does not include the 7.2 million Ethiopians so chronically poor that they receive cash or food aid from the government every year," Oxfam added.

"Today's figures, terrible as they are, show only half the picture. Over 13.5 million Ethiopians are in need of aid in order to survive. The number of those suffering severe hunger and destitution has spiralled. More can and must be done now to save lives and avert disaster," said Oxfam’s country director, Waleed Rauf.

"Compared with the funds going to shore up the global financial system the aid needed to save lives in Ethiopia is a drop in the ocean. The events of recent weeks clearly demonstrate that – with the right kind of political will and ambition - action is possible in the face of urgent needs. We need donors to demonstrate that same kind of urgency when responding to acute hunger and underlying vulnerabilities in places like Ethiopia," added Mr Rauf.

The NGO said it was particularly concerned about the situation for pastoralist communities in Afar and Somalinorthern areas the recent minor rains season was patchy and many people will remain dependent on aid until March next year when the next rains are expected. Further south, if the October/November rains are poor, people there would have to hold out until next July.

Numbers in need of help in the Somali region had doubled to nearly two million people since June, the new numbers showed. Those in need also were facing huge problems "due to loss of their livestock with an average loss of 60 percent of cattle, 50 percent of goats and 40 percent of camels."

In July, the UN's World Food Programme (WFP) had to reduce monthly cereal rations from 15kgs a person to 10kgs. WFP has only received one third of the funds it needs and has an immediate shortfall of 229,587 tonnes food for the next six months. The UN agency fears the impact of this will include increased malnutrition. The cut in food rations is also put in connection with rising world food prices; by March 2008, inflation of food prices in Ethiopia had reached 46.9 percent.

"A number of donor countries have already made substantial contributions to the humanitarian response in Ethiopia since the beginning of this year. This has helped to save people's lives, but now that the needs are increasing all donors must provide additional money," said Mr Rauf.
regions. In

Tuesday, October 7, 2008

Togo schools open after flood delays

Some 2 million Togolese school children return to classroom on Monday after classes have been delayed by floods that caused misery and destruction in most parts of the West Africa region.
Floods in the region had wrecked infrastructure, homes and crops and spreading diseases, prompting the United Nations Humanitarian Agency (OCHA) to call on West African governments to meet to coordinate humanitarian efforts and draw up longer-term solutions to the seasonal flooding threat. In September, heavy rains and floods across most West Africa had killed more than 30 people and made over 130,000 others homeless, OCHA said. Togo, Ghana, Niger, Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso and Senegal among the hardest hit countries. Last year, serious rainy season floods killed hundreds of people across Africa. As a sign of its commitment to make basic education accessible, the Togolese government announced the introduction of free school for children between six and nine. This is significant in a country where school attendance and quality of education had seriously dropped since 1990. The package will be available to parents who present their children's birth certificates to public schools. Already, parents in regions where children's births are not registered expressed worry. But the government said there is no cause for alarm, as efforts will soon be underway to ascertain the age of these children as well as issue them new birth certificates.

USDA DOE Release National Biofuels Action Plan; UN FAO Report Calls For Review of Biofuels Policies

NBAP top-level advanced biofuels commercialization timeline. Click to enlarge.The US Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Energy (DOE) released the National Biofuels Action Plan (NBAP), an interagency plan detailing the collaborative efforts of Federal agencies to accelerate the development of a sustainable biofuels industry.Separately, in a new edition of its annual publication The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) 2008, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) called for an urgent review of biofuel policies and subsidies to preserve the goal of world food security, protect poor far...Original article link

Wednesday, September 24, 2008

Brazilian President Makes Case for Biofuels at UN

Leaders from all over the world have gathered at the United Nations in New York City for the annual high-level debate before the General Assembly. Part of that included the fuel-versus-food debate.In this article from the UN News Centre, Brazilian President Luiz In cio Lula da Silva disputed the idea that biodiesel and ethanol are the cause of high food prices and part of the reason for the recent world economic woes:He stressed that the world was facing many other equally serious matters, including the food crisis, the spike in energy prices, the deadlock on talks to reform internatio...

Tuesday, September 23, 2008

IFPRI: hungry Congo can become bread basket of the developing world

We have often referred to the agricultural potential of the world's poorest country, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The tragic contradiction is that this nation has the highest rate of undernourished and hungry people on the planet (70% of all Congolese), while at the same time it has the natural resources to become a major world food producer and exporter. In an interview with Reuters, the director of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Dr Joachim Von Braun, repeated how depressing this contradiction is, but he also offered some recipes for hope.The giant Centra...Original article link

One Second Films for Social Change

This article was written by Micki Krimmel in October 2007. We're republishing it here as part of our month-long editorial retrospective. Can 24 frames of film change the world? It can if animator Nirvan Mullick has anything to say about it. Nirvan has spent the last six years working on a very short film with a very big purpose: to raise one million dollars for the Global Fund for Women, as well as setting the course for a long term project that utilizes collaborative art and social networking to address social issues. Nirvan began the project in 2001 as a student at California Institute of th...Original article link

Monday, September 22, 2008

EU offers $21 billion for trans-Saharan pipeline

European Union has offered to pump US$21 billion to help Nigeria develop trans-Saharan pipeline to take gas from Nigeria to Europe. The move is part of plans to reduce EU reliance on Russian energy supplies.
The project, which stretches a distance of 4,300 kilometers across Sahara desert - Nigeria (1,050km); Niger (750km), and Algeria (2,500km) when completed will connect Nigeria’s gas reserves to Europe though Algeria’s Mediterranean coast.A top presidential source disclosed that EU’s latest expression of interest in project came amidst fears that Gazprom, a Russian gas company, might win contract as part of a strategy to tighten its grip on energy supplies to Europe. Gazprom has recently signed a memorandum of understanding with Nigerian government. EU energy commissioner Andris Piebalgs who visited Nigeria last week, admitted that European governments had been slow to back trans-Saharan pipeline in the past but said after Georgia conflict they had focused minds."In the EU, particularly after Georgia, there is also a lot of demand from member states to have diversification, real diversification, of supply. EU governments definitely are worried about having too strong a dependency on Russia," Mr Piebalgs said.Russia, which already supplies a quarter of gas consumed in EU, has sought to increase its control by seeking deals with producers such as Nigeria and Libya, and backing moves to form an OPEC-style gas cartel.Mr Piebalgs said EU was increasingly keen to promote trans-Saharan project as an additional option, perhaps by helping to fund feasibility studies and playing a co-ordinating role between host countries Nigeria, Niger and Algeria saying European Investment Bank could help finance the project.“We need to follow where the Nigerian government is leading us, and the Nigerian government is very clearly leading towards a pipeline. That means we should be more engaged in the trans-Saharan gas pipeline,” he said.President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua has expressed happiness with EU offer of assistance on proposed construction of Trans-Saharan gas pipeline from Nigeria to Algeria.The project was initiated by former president Olusegun Obasanjo government but appeared unattractive to foreign investors due to what members of Organised Private Sector (OPS) described as lack of seriousness on the side of Nigerian authorities.EU officials say the pipeline could supply 20 billion cubic metres a year of gas to Europe by 2016. The bloc consumes some 300 billion cubic metres a year but demand is projected to double by 2030, prompting a search for new sources from Caspian Basin to Iraq and Qatar as domestic production declines.

Thursday, September 18, 2008

Forests and deforestation in Africa- the wasting of an immense resource


Except for the Congo Basin, Africa's frontier forests have largely been destroyed, primarily by loggers and by farmers clearing land for agriculture. In West Africa, nearly 90 percent of the original moist forest is gone, and what remains is heavily fragmented and degraded. Today, West African unspoiled forests are restricted to one patch in Côte d'Ivoire and another along the border between Nigeria and Cameroon.

The forests of Africa cover 520 million hectares and constitute more than 17 per cent of the world's forests. They are largely concentrated in the tropical zones of Western and Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. With more than 109 million hectares of forests, Congo Kinshasa alone has more than 20 per cent of the region's forest cover, while Northern Africa has little more than 9%, principally along the coast of the western Mediterranean countries, according to FAO. This still, however, makes Africa on of the continents with the lowest forest cover rate.African forests include dry tropical forests in the Sahel, Eastern and Southern Africa, humid tropical forests in Western and Central Africa montane forests, diverse sub-tropical forest and woodland formations in Northern Africa and the southern tip of the continent, as well as mangroves in the coastal zones.

Some basic facts about deforestation in Africa:

• Almost 6.8 million square kilometers of Africa were originally forested.

• Over 90% of West Africa's original forest has been lost; only a small part of what remains qualifies as frontier forest.

• Within the Congo Basin, between 1980and 1995, an area about the size of Jamaica was cleared each year (1.1 million ha).

• During 1990-95 the annual rate of total deforestation in Africa was about 0.7 per cent.• In Africa, for every 28 trees cut down, only one tree is replanted.

• Large blocks of intact natural forest only remain in Central Africa, particularly in Congo Kinshasa, Gabon, and Congo Brazzaville.

• Since 1957, two thirds of Gabon’s forests have been logged, are currently being logged, or were slated for logging as logging concessions in 1997.

Over the last 20 years, about 300 million hectares (six times the size of France) of mainly tropical forest have been converted to other land uses on a world-wide basis, such as farms and pasture or large-scale plantations of oil palm, rubber and other cash crops. Increasingly fragmented forests have become much more susceptible to fire than was ever thought possible: tens of millions of hectares of normally fire-resistant forest have been destroyed by catastrophic infernos in the Amazon, Central America, Indonesia, West Africa and Madagascar.

To the east, very little remains of Madagascar's once magnificent tropical forests. Long isolated from mainland ecosystems, these forests are home to an exceptional number of plants and animals found nowhere else. Unfortunately, none of Madagascar's forest fragments is large or natural enough to qualify as a frontier forest today.

Large blocks of intact natural forest do remain in Central Africa, particularly in Congo Kinshasa, Gabon, and Congo Brazzaville. In Congo Kinshasa, which contains more than half this region's forest cover many forests remain intact, in part because the nation's poor transportation system can't easily handle timber and mineral exploitation. Some areas have fewer passable roads today than in 1960, the year the country became independent, and some frontiers have lost population during this period

Today, most of Africa's remaining frontier forests are at risk. The two major threats are logging and commercial hunting to meet growing urban demand for bushmeat. (Overhunting removes populations of key species that help maintain natural forest ecosystems). In Central Africa, over 90 percent of all logging occurs in primary forest one of the highest ratios of any region in the world. In some areas, logging itself causes relatively little damage because only a few high-value tree species are removed. Still, logging roads open up a forest to hunters, would-be farmers and other profit-seekers. One region warranting special concern is eastern Congo Kinshasa: Civil unrest in Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, and Congo Kinshasa has driven hundreds of thousands of people into this area, where they escalate demands on the forest.

Tropical forest ecology

Tropical forests are the world's ecosystems and reservoirs of biodiversity. In unspoiled tropical forests, the forest floor is fairly open with a layer of decomposing leaves and rotting branches covering mineral soils. Wherever a large tree has fallen, lianas, vines and young trees crowd together in dense tangles. In rain forests, the intense precipitation washes away minerals and nutrients quickly, making anything bout the cover of decomposing leaves and branches poor on nutrition. Plants thus must act quickly to recycle these nutrients bound in dying plants.

This is exactly what makes rainforests fragile ecosystems. If the vegetation cover is removed, the area is exposed to erosion and the washing out of minerals and nutrients, leaving a poor soil. Agriculturalists might burn the vegetation to bind the nutrition into the ground for some seasons, obtaining good yields, but after few years, nutrients have been washed out and the soil has become poor. This degradation also makes it a timely process for a rich tropical forest to reestablish itself. Forest regrowth might be relatively quick, but biological production and biodiversity might take hundreds of years to reestablish.

The history of the African rainforests underlines this even more. Under the last ice age (until 10.000 years ago), climate in Africa was colder and dryer. Forests were fewer and smaller, and most forests were of a tropical montane type (with a significantly lesser biodiversity). At the height of glaciations, rain forests were probably restricted to three main refuge areas, one in the north-eastern Congo basin, a second in Gabon, southern Cameroon and Bioko and a third in Liberia and Sierra Leone. From these core areas, the rainforests were allowed to spread as climate became more like today's some 10.000 years ago. There is, however, still a notable difference in biodiversity between these core areas and those colonized by the rain forest during the next thousands of years. Rainforests of eastern Congo and the area of Gabon-Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea are by far the biologically most rich areas of Africa.

The rain forest flora, with its immense wealth of species belonging to thousands of genera and scores of families, is acting as a reservoir of genetic diversity and potential variability. For a large part of planet earth's history, it has acted as a centre of evolutionary activity from which the rest of the world's flora and fauna has been recruited. Less heterogeneous than the savanna and grassland environments, each little area of the rainforest has its multitude of endemic species.

The forest resource

Forests play an important economic role in many African countries. Forest products provide 6 per cent of GDP in Africa at large, the highest in the world. But the share of forest products in trade is only 2 per cent. This picture is however different on a country level. In Cameroon, for example, timber generates more than a quarter of the country’s non-petroleum export revenues, along with some US$ 60 million in taxes. In 1996, logging enterprises directly employed more than 34.000 people in Cameroon. According to one government estimate, 55.000 people currently work in the logging sector, when indirect employment is factored in.

Forests provide a range of ecological, economic, and social services to humans, including protection of water and soil resources. Forests also act as store-houses of carbon, much of which is released intothe atmosphere when they are cleared, contributing to the buildup of greenhouse gases. In addition, forests are the main reservoir of terrestrial biological diversity and are a vital resource for millions of local communities. Forest products also provide the foundation of many local and national economies.

Biodiversity poses a global, national and local heritage and resource. Tropical forests and other habitats are renowned for their rich diversity of flora and fauna. In Cameroon, for example, at least 8,000 species of higher plants are found, while over half of Africa’s bird and mammal species are reportedly within the country. Cameroon contains a variety of forest habitats ranging from montane forests, which are noted for their globally unique endemic species, to Atlantic coastal forests, which are rich in plants, to inland Cameroon-Congolese forests, which are renowned for their mammalian diversity. Habitat loss and poaching present a major threat to the country’s biodiversity.

Tropical forests provide a range of other benefits, from ecosystem services, such as water flow and quality maintenance and carbon storage, to non-timber products sold on local markets and used in the home. Degradation and clearing of forests worldwide over the past 150 years is estimated to have contributed 30 percent of the carbon dioxide that has built up in the atmosphere

Most of the wood harvested within Africa’s forests and woodlands is used to meet local energy needs. In the major timber exporting country Cameroon, in 1998, four times more wood was harvested for fuel than was sold as industrial roundwood. Traditional fuels, including firewood and charcoal, accounted for roughly 80 percent of all energy consumption in that country in 1995.

Non-timber forest products, including bark, tubers, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, resins, honey, fungi, and animal products, play an important role in the households of the urban poor and forest-dwelling communities. They are used as medicines, tools and building materials and for food, primarily within local villages and households. It is difficult to quantify the economic importance of these commodities, but a study by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) estimates that they are an important source of cash revenue for local communities. Bushmeat, bush mango, the bark and fruits of Garcinia cola, palm nuts, cola nuts, and the African pear were among the major cash suppliers. The trade in these commodities especially is an important source of income for women. In Cameroon, over half of the log exports in 1998 came from five tree species that also generate non-timber commodities.

Forests also represent immense cultural values. African tropical forests are home to a large variety of peoples and ethnicities, which originate much of their cultural value set from their physical surroundings. Among the oldest peoples in Central Africa are forest hunter-gatherers, pejoratively known as "pygmies,” who immigrated to the region several thousand years ago. These groups rely primarily on the tropical forests for their livelihood, medicine, and shelter. Their cultural identity is rooted not only in language, kinship, oral history, traditional practices but also in their identification with a particular area of the forest.

Ecotourism is providing a growing income for who have known to facilitate it. Before the Rwandan genocide and the conflict in Congo Kinshasa, the national parks in that zone containing mountain gorillas were getting a major tourist attraction. In Rwanda, traffic was that high, that visits had to be reserved. In Guinea, before the conflict in neighbouring Liberia, the border mountain Mount Nimba, with its rich montane forests, was getting a tourist attraction. Several countries outside Africa now are attracting those tourists Africa could attract to its famous forests. Rainforest tourism is probably one of the least exploited resources in Africa, with great potentials.

Although the values of tropical forests are indeed high, only a few are visible in national budgets. Logging and timber exports give short term cash income, visible in the GDP. Others are close to invisible, as revenues are not registered within the monetary sectorThis include, to a certain degree, local use and revenue from fuelwood and non-timber products, and more clearly, environmental services such as soil and water protection and storage of carbon dioxide. Other values again, are partly "robbed" from the conserving society, as is the example of the use of the genetic industry's use of African endemic species. If "the cure for cancer" should be found in the Congolese rainforest, non of the billion dollar revenues would return to those societies which are now maintaining biodiversity. Finally, some values need investments to be harvested. Financial investment in the tourist industry should not exceed investment in logging, but might require investing in political change in some countries. Tourists won't come to war-ridden countries like the Congo, nor will they go to insecure dictatorships like Equatorial Guinea.

Deforestation

Now, rainforests are being depleted rapidly as the tall trees and the soils can be exploited profitably on a short term. Montane forests have suffered from cultivators clearing the hillsides and transforming them to open woodland pastures or coffee plantations. The soils of the deciduous forests have been particularly attractive to cultivators, who have cleared very wide areas. Logging of large areas is still depriving Africa of some of its last unspoiled forests.

Africa's forests are threatened by a combination of factors including agricultural expansion, commercial harvesting, increased firewood collection, inappropriate land and tree tenure regimes, heavy livestock grazing, and accelerated urbanization and industrialization. Drought, civil wars and bush fires also contribute significantly to forest degradation (FAO 1997a and 1998). Inappropriate agricultural systems such as the chitemene, a system of shifting cultivation practised in parts of Southern and Central Africa, and tavy slash-and-burn agriculture in Madagascar, are responsible for considerable forest losses. Until recently, Southern Africa was losing more than 200 000 hectares of forests a year to shifting cultivation (Chidumayo 1986), although this is now starting to decline as farmers change to more settled agricultural practices.

Throughout Africa, there has been an increasing demand for wood products, especially firewood, charcoal and roundwood. As a result the consumption of forest products nearly doubled during 1970-94. The production and consumption of firewood and charcoal rose from 250 to 502 million m3 during the same period. Recent projections by FAO estimate that consumption will rise by another 5 per cent by 2010. More recently, new economic reform measures have removed subsidies on energy alternatives which further increased the demand for firewood. FAO estimates that at least 90 per cent of Africans depend on firewood and other biomass for their energy needs.

In Western and Central Africa, much of the tropical humid forests have already undergone substantial commercial harvesting. The total volume of wood exploited annually in the sub-region is more than 200 million m3. Accroding to a FAO report, nearly 90 per cent is consumed as firewood and charcoal, and only 2 per cent as industrial roundwood. However, as it produces only a small proportion of the world's industrial roundwood, Africa is a net importer of industrial wood. Five countries in Northern Africa - Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia - together account for 60 per cent of the imports. With the exception of a few countries such as Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, all sub-Saharan African countries import all their paper.

Large-scale oil exploration and mining in Western and Central Africa have also led to the loss of forest resources, especially in Cameroon, the Congo, Gabon and Nigeria.

During 1990-95 the annual rate of deforestation in Africa was about 0.7 per cent, a slight decline from 0.8 per cent during 1980-90, according to FAOSTAT. The highest rates were recorded in the moist western parts of the continent. During the 1980s, Africa lost an estimated 47 million hectares of forest. By 1995 another 19 million hectares had been lost, according to FAO, an area the size of Senegal. Losses have been particularly high in countries such as Uganda, where forest and woodland cover shrunk from an estimated 45 per cent of total land area in 1900 to only 7.7 per cent by 1995, according to the Ugandan Ministry of Natural Resources

Tree plantations and agroforestry are increasingly important aspects of forest rehabilitation, especially in non-tropical Northern and Southern Africa. Although providing significant amounts of timber, firewood and other useful products, afforestation rates throughout Africa are far less than the rate of deforestation, according to FAO

The pressures on African forests will inevitably continue rising to meet the needs of fast-growing populations in rapidly urbanizing and industrializing countries, especially if most of their people remain poor.

Degradation and Fragmentation

The state of the world's forests is not simply a matter of their extent. Increasing attention is focused upon the health, genetic diversity, and age profile of forests, collectively known as forest quality. Measures of total forest area do not reveal the degraded nature of much regrowth forest. For example, in FAO's forest assessment, logging is not counted as deforestation, since logged-over areas can, in theory, regrow to fully functioning forests. But logging often does degrade forest quality, inducing soil and nutrient losses and reducing the forest's value as habitat.

Frontier forests are the world's remaining large intact natural forest ecosystems. These forests are, on the whole, relatively undisturbed and big enough to maintain all of their biodiversity, including viable populations of the wide-ranging species associated with each forest type. These frontier forests thus are the last islands of a rich, tropical biodiversity. But they are few and they rapidly grow fewer:

• Only 8% (0.5 million square kilometers) of Africa's original forest remains as frontier forest.

• Over 90% of West Africa's original forest has been lost; only a small part of what remains qualifies as frontier forest. • 77% of Africa's remaining frontier forest are under moderate or high threat.

• Logging threatens almost 80% of Africa's threatened frontier forests, while hunting for bushmeat poses an additional threat to one-third of threatened frontier forests.

Although information is inaccurate, experts conclude that logging also poses a severe threat to wildlife in tropical forests. Because access to current and abandoned logging roads is not properly controlled, hunting camps are often found in remote areas only recently opened by logging companies. In Gabon, for example, the national media, the Ministry of Water and Forests, and other groups report increasing volumes of bushmeat being transported by logging trucks.

All in all, although Africa still might look green, the overall quality of the ecosystem has heavily degraded. In The Gambia, for example, the overall picture on the ground is one of much tree cover in a savanna climate zone. However, land use inventories and satellite vigilance uncover an immense loss of forest cover and degradation. In the 1980's, Gambian closed forests lost half their extension, and almost half of the open forests turned savanna or cultivated land. Intense fuelwood harvest, bushfires and population growth are claimed to be the main responsibles.

In forested areas, patches of logging, agricultural advance and unsustainable harvesting of fuelwood and non-timber products fragment and degrade remaining forests. Fragmentation leads to loss of contact with part of the ecosystem necessary to maintain regeneration and full biodiversity. Many species need large and diverse areas. Others depend on other species, living in the border areas of the ecosystem or species being hunted or harvested. Thus, very few entire forest ecosystems, frontier forests keep existing

Worldwide, 80% of original forest cover has been cleared, fragmented, or otherwise degraded in the 20th century. In the Atlantic rainforests of Brazil, the West African rainforests, Madagascar, and Sumatra - some of the richest biological treasure houses of the world - much less than 10% of the original forest cover is left. There, many populations of plants and animals are losing their long-term viability through fragmentation and genetic erosion. A wave of extinctions is just around the corner - unless "radical" action is taken.

Management and Conservation

Outright loss of forest, however, is not the whole picture. Comparable areas of forest have been severely degraded. In the humid tropics, timber harvesting is selective, but tens of millions of hectares have been cut in unnecessarily destructive ways

Logs continue to be the preferred currency of political patronage in many countries with old-growth forests. At the same time, we have gained a much better understanding of forests in a number of key areas. Ecologists have started to develop rigorous methods to prioritise the forests richest in biological diversity and most in need of protection. Climatologists have a much improved understanding of how different forest ecosystems have evolved, and continue to evolve, under changing climates. Environmental economists are getting a better handle on the long-term economic importance of the services provided by intact forest ecosystems: water and nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and the conservation of many animal and plant species that are likely to prove useful in the future. Social scientists have documented the forest management practices of local communities and indigenous peoples, and analysed how these might be harnessed for the future. Pioneering foresters have developed low-impact logging techniques that are sometimes even cheaper than conventional logging.

Many countries have taken steps to combat their forest heritage. Gabon is heading into the future with ambitious plans to protect 13% of its territory and start regulating the logging industry in a better way. Little has been implemented in practical terms, but the overall intentions are the best. Neighbouring Cameroon has implemented new logging regulations and a more transparent system of tender. Other neighbouring countries, however, keep falling into anarchy (Congo Kinshasa) or to cleptocracy (Equatorial Guinea), giving enormous concessions to the highest bidder or closest familiar.

In other parts of the continent, tremendous achievements have been made in replanting. Tunisia, which ancient Greek and Roman sources describe as forested, had lost almost all of its forests during 2000 years of civilization. The first president of independent Tunisia, Habib Bourgiba, already in the 1960s engaged the entire population in a massive, collective reforestation project, resulting in a forest cover of big parts of the north. Reforestation has given significant environmental services to a country exposed to modest precipitation and much erosion. Of course biodiversity could not be reproduced, and much of the forests are monocultures of pine or eucalyptus (an Australian, drought resistant species), but the overall positive effects of a forest cover are striking

Thanks to improved means of communication, knowledge about threats to forests, such as agricultural conversion, infrastructure development and mining can be exchanged and used rapidly by conservation advocates. But despite the existence of all this knowledge, many high-level decision-makers still view forests as dispensable quantities, or worse, as obstacles to progress.

US$31.1m loan to Mozambican farmers

International Fund for Agriculture and Development (IFAD) has granted a US$31.1 million loan to Mozambique to enable small-scale farmers in southern African state to increase their incomes by marketing their surpluses more profitably.
According to IFAD, inefficient rural and agricultural markets seriously affect livelihoods of majority of rural population in northern Mozambique.A press statement released yesterday by body indicates that, "because of poor returns from surplus sales, smallholders adopt low-risk strategies, resulting in some of the lowest yields in southern Africa."It states that programme would improve terms of trade for smallholders, providing them with incentives to move out of semi-subsistence agriculture, adding that it would support 20 000 farmers in some 670 farmers' associations and 375 small-scale traders.Programme has been designed to encourage poorer members of community to participate, statement also added."Smallholders will be able to market their surpluses more profitably, thereby increasing income. Access to and participation in agricultural markets and value chains will be improved and efficient market intermediaries and effective partnerships will be established, stimulating increases in agricultural production," IFAD said.Since its formation in 1978, IFAD has provided $143.9 million in loans to nine programmes and projects in Mozambique.Two thirds of Mozambique's 20 million people live below poverty line, according to World Bank statistics.IFAD is an international financial institution and a specialised UN agency. It is a global partnership of OECD, OPEC and other developing countries. Today, IFAD supports more than 200 programmes and projects in 85 developing countries.

Speculation and Oil Prices

We've heard a lot about how speculation has caused volatility in oil and other commodity prices recently, and there are calls in Congress to put constraints on speculative activity in order to stabilize prices and markets, so let's go back to the issue of whether speculative activity has been the driving force behind commodity price movements, oil prices n particular. To begin, it's important to recognize that not all speculative activity is the same, and not all of it is bad, and as we look into how to better regulate these markets, we need to keep the types of speculative activities separate...Original article link

Predicting Possible Futures

This article was written by Charlie Stross in May 2007. We're republishing it here as part of our month-long editorial retrospective.Worldchanging ally Charlie Stross is not only a science fiction writer of some reknown, but one of our best thinkers about technology and the future as well. Recently he published the following speech on his blog. It's a sharp piece of thinking, which informs in new ways all sorts of subjects we've covered here before, and he's graciously given us permission to post it here as well. -AlexShaping the futureGood afternoon, and thank you for inviting me here today. ...Original article link

The one clean-tech breakthrough that could lead to a core climate solution: Thermoelectricity

The buzzwords of the day: TE with high TZ.The world doesn't need a major technology breakthrough to cost-effectively cut carbon emissions in half by midcentury (see The breakthrough technology illusion ). Indeed, most such breakthroughs would be difficult to deploy fast enough and on a large enough scale to make a large difference in that timeframe. Other key medium-term technologies, like low-cost solar photovoltaics, don't require breakthroughs so much as they need steady technological advances, economies of scale, and continued experiential learning from increased market sales.Su...Original article link

Wednesday, September 17, 2008

Africa profits from greenhouse gas offset scheme

Three days of intense negotiations aimed at improving Africa's standing in the global carbon marketplace came to an end Friday at United Nations-backed Africa Carbon Forum in Senegal.
Under Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), industrialised countries can offset some of their own greenhouse gas emissions to earn certified emission reduction credits.Some 600 participants from 60 countries attended the Carbon Forum in Senegalese capital, Dakar, including 36 government representatives responsible for initial approval of emissions offset projects. In one deal completed at the Forum, World Bank entered into an agreement with a local agency to spread use of energy-efficient light bulbs through rural Senegal.At the same time, several African countries pledged $20 million to go towards Africa Bio-fuels and Renewable Energy Fund, a public/private sector partnership tasked with assessing carbon offset projects."Much remains to be done in the form of awareness-raising and capacity-building before African countries can take full advantage of CDM, but progress is being made, and we saw it here," said Daniele Violetti of UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).The continent still accounts for only 27 of more than 1,150 CDM projects currently registered in nearly 50 developing nations, but that number is expected to grow.

Nigeria's Oil Violence Intensifies

Nigeria's militant group has destroyed an oil pipeline that crosses Southern Nigeria today.
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, in an emailed statement today said that it destroyed conduit in an uncommon daylight attack.If confirmed it would mark group's second attack in a 24-hour period. In recent days violence has flared across Nigeria's restive Niger Delta oil region.Nearly one quarter of Nigeria's daily production has been halt by attacks that have also shattered oil infrastructure, helping send oil prices to all time highs in international markets."Every group in region has dropped their differences and come together to fight a common enemy who has used the instrument of state and tactics of divide and rule to oppress region for five decades,'' said Jomo Gbomo MEND spokesman in a statement today.MEND threatened to make its range of attacks wider, so far concentrated in Rivers state, to other Niger Delta states and deep offshore oilfields such as Shell's Bonga and Chevron Corp.'s Agbami facilities.In a separate incidence, a naval vessel with 10 people on board was targeted by militants traveling in eight speedboats. However no naval personnel were killed in attack, said Lieutenant-Colonel Sagir Musa, a spokesman for region's joint military task force."Militants detonated dynamite, bombs and lobbed some pieces of hand grenades on facility,'' Musa said. ``It is feared that facility might have caught fire due to intense sporadic gunshots and massive dynamite and bomb explosions.''Shell officials weren't immediately available for comment.Latest attacks began on Sept. 13 when Nigerian soldiers and militants clashed in Elem-Tombia district, south of Port Harcourt, hub of Nigeria's oil industry.However militants have said troops had launched an air and marine offensive against its positions and declared an oil war targeting installations in region, which produces almost all of Nigeria's crude.While militants also clashed with soldiers near a Chevron oil field yesterday. Chevron spokesman Scott Walker said yesterday that incident near Idama oil field had no impact on production, which was already shut in for pipeline repairs. Attacks by armed groups in region have cut more than 20 percent of Nigeria's crude exports since 2006.Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force, which teamed up with other militants for latest attack said, MEND first took up arms in 2004 before reaching a peace deal with government a year later.Mujahid Dokubo-Asari, the leader, issued a statement with other delta militant leaders yesterday accusing military's actions in oil region.Nigeria has Africa's biggest hydrocarbon reserves, with more than 30 billion barrels of crude and 187 trillion cubic feet of gas and was continent's biggest crude exporter in July and August.West African country is the fifth biggest source of US oil imports according to Bloomberg data.Military task force charged with calming region launched a deadly attack on a militant base camp with landing craft, helicopters and airplanes on Saturday, prompting militants' declaration of fresh war against federal state on Sunday.

Tuesday, September 16, 2008

Tanzania approves 4 exploration farm-ins

afrol News, 15 September - Tanzanian government has approved farm in of four exploration licences for Canadian Heritage Oil Ltd held by two other companies, officials announced today.
Read more

THE HUNGER CRISIS IN AFRICA


Click on the map to learn how drought, war and HIV/AIDS have put more than 40 million people on the frontline of Africa's hunger crisis.

The Africa Hunger Alert campaign was launched on 16 December 2002 as a global response to efforts to help over 40 million victims of the vast hunger crisis gripping the African continent.
After the launching of the campaign, spontaneous initiatives sprang up across the world in schools, colleges and community groups. There were vigils for the hungry, fund-raising events and letters sent to national governments urging action.
This page highlights the African countries which are currently suffering exceptional food shortages. A special 'Africa Hunger Alert' bulletin board will keep you up-to-date on the campaign's progress.
ANGOLA
Since the April 2002 peace agreement finally brought a halt to Angola's almost three decade-long civil conflict, humanitarianorganisations have gained access to hundreds of thousands of malnourished people, who have been hiding in the countryside for the past years, beyond the reach of aid groups.
WFP's life-saving operations in the country have expanded rapidly to meet the extra needs. The Agency now feeds up to 1.8 million Angolans - an 80 percent increase compared to 2002.
WFP food aid is playing a vital role in the consolidation of Angola's peace process. Resettling IDPs, demobilized Unita soldiers and refugees returning from neighbouring countries all receive food aid to help rebuild their lives.
In addition to the emergency food aid, there is a progressive increase in rehabilitation projects, such as Food-for-Work, a tool that gives people access to productive activities while working on behalf of their community in various sectors, such as education, health, agriculture and infra-structure.
BURUNDI

The food and general humanitarian situation continues to deteriorate in Burundi, where more than one million people are in need of relief food due to a lack of rain, and prevailing insecurity.Recent crop assessments indicated that the number of people in need of relief food during the first six months of the year has doubled compared to the same period in 2002. At the same time, the nutritional condition of the population has declined, with a marked increase in the number of children being admitted to therapeutic feeding centres in various parts of the country.Slow response to the food aid needs has meant that in-country food stocks are very limited. With insecurity cutting off large segments of the population from humanitarian assistance, the situation is dire. Following a peace agreement signed by the Government and rebel forces in December 2002, a transitional government with a new President will take place on 1 May 2003. .
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
After four years of complex and devastating conflict, positive developments towards peace in DR Congo have helped stabilise the humanitarian crisis and curb astronomical death rates. Peace talks in South Africa have led to the withdrawal of most foreign forces, and have provided a framework for implementing a peace accord as well as a government of reconciliation. The UN military observer mission (MONUC) has started the long awaited disarmament programme for foreign soldiers. However, although the guns have fallen silent, more than half the people of DRC are still fighting for survival.The economic devastation resulting from the war has led to high malnutrition rates among internally displaced people (IDPs), refugees, children and the elderly. WFP is trying to feed 1.1 million people with urgent food aid.For four years, hundreds of thousands of these people have sought refuge from fighting in the bush and have been beyond the reach of humanitarian help. Today, they are emerging from their hiding places. Humanitarian organisations are working to feed the hungry, accompanying IDPs and refugees back to their villages and helping them to rebuild their lives. A more secure environment is helping access many pockets of isolated communities, but countless others remain cut off.
The peace process is presenting humanitarian aid workers with a window of opportunity to reach these hungry people - if the international community provides the resources.
ERITREA

Eritrea is facing its worst crop failure since independence in 1993. A prolonged drought has seriously affected food production, and has left up to 1.4 million people - almost half of the total population of 3.3 million - with little or no food until the next expected harvest in November 2003.
Rainfall has been poor since October 2001, with the almost total failure of the March-June azmera rains and the late onset of June-September kremti rains, threatening the food security of thousands of farmers and pastoralists who make up most of the country's workforce.
The regions worst hit by drought and food shortages are the Northern Red Sea, Southern Red Sea and many parts of Anseba.
The 2002 harvest was 54,000 metric tons, about 20 percent of a normal harvest and only enough to cover 10 percent of Eritrea's national food requirement.
The Government appealed in November 2002 for a total of 477,000 tonnes of food aid for 2003. International response so far has been very limited.
To assist some 900,000 of the most vulnerable people affected by drought, WFP is trying to raise US$100 million for 2003, of which only 25 percent has been received. The number of people WFP can target with this limited amount of food has been slashed in half, to 450,000 - and food rations to these people have been reduced to 60 percent.
WFP is also trying to feed an additional 500,000 people, comprising those displaced by the war, refugees who have returned from Sudan, school children and other vulnerable groups. Funding shortfalls have also caused food aid ration cuts.
Eritrea is still recovering from a devastating border war with neighbouring Ethiopia. A large number of people, including farmers, are still displaced and thousands of soldiers have yet to be demobilized. The continuing resettlement of Eritrean refugees returning from Sudan is an extra strain on the country's resources.
Unexploded landmines, another legacy of the conflict, have rendered unusable an estimated 12,000 hectares in Debub and most of the sub-region of Lalai Gash in Gash Barka.
Due to the conflict, over one million people in the grain producing regions of Gash Barka and Debub were displaced; most are suffering low food production due to security and drought.
Conscription has caused an absence of younger men and women engaged in agricultural activities, which puts a further burden on households.
ETHIOPIA

Exceptionally dry weather resulting from the partial failure of the "Belg" rains (February to May) and the late start of the main "Meher" rains (June to September) has caused serious food shortages in Ethiopia. In 2003, some 11.3 million people will require food aid. Another three million are likely to face food shortages during the year, meaning the numbers at risk could rise to 14.3 million - one fifth of Ethiopia's total population.Ethiopia stands on the brink of a crisis similar in magnitude to 1984. In fact, the numbers in need of food aid could exceed that crisis, largely because crop failure in many lowland areas has been so extensive.In 1983/84, most farmers' harvests covered their food needs for two to three months. Since then, population growth and recurrent droughts have dramatically diminished farmers' food stocks and the land they can farm. In 2003, scorching pasture and ever-diminishing water supplies have already taken a heavy toll on livestock.Water shortages are expected to reach critical levels in early 2003, with people having to walk up to 10 km to find fresh sources.
Where food aid is not available, drought-hit farmers and herders are forced to resort to ever more desperate measures, such as selling off their belongings to buy food. Some farmers and pastoralists have started to migrate from the drought-hit areas into the main towns. This phenomenon is expected to increase further if distribution of food aid remains inadequate.
The nutritional status is already at unacceptable levels in some parts of Ethiopia, with high levels of moderate and severe malnutrition among children aged less than five.
Ethiopia will require substantial increases in food aid from March to May 2003 and will need to ensure that needs are covered until the next harvest later this year. Total food aid requirements for 2003 are estimated at 1.44 million metric tons (including cereals, blended food and vegetable oil) - valued at around US$500 million.
LESOTHO

In Lesotho, a second year of severe weather, including heavy rainfall, frost, hailstorms and tornadoes, contributed to another poor cereal harvest in 2002 - 60 percent lower than in normal years.
The crisis was exacerbated by increasing poverty, soaring food prices, rising unemployment due to retrenchments in the South African mining industry and the fourth highest adult prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the world (31%).
Some 650,000 people will continue to require emergency food aid throughout the country - particularly in Qacha's Nek, Quthing and Mohale's Hoek - until at least May, when the cereal harvest should have finished.
However, thousands of households will continue to need food aid for some time to come due to another poor crop - the result of more erratic weather and environmental degradation.
ANGOLA
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MALAWIA

poor harvest across Malawi in 2002 left the country facing enormous food shortages. At the peak of the crisis in early 2003, over 3.5 million people needed food assistance.
Forecasts predict that this year's harvest will be better than last year's, but hundreds of thousands of people will still require food aid.
With 60 percent of the population living below the poverty line, Malawi is likely to face an access crisis rather than a production crisis.
Many of the poorest and most vulnerable households will be unable to buy whatever food is available. In fact, according to official figures, 40 percent of Malawians can only afford half their daily requirements.
HIV/AIDS is also taking its toll with an estimated 16.4 percent of the adult population infected.
In April, 3.1 million people will receive food aid to ensure that farmers are not forced into harvesting their crops too early. After that, the number of beneficiaries will drop, but the situation will remain extremely fragile, necessitating continued food aid intervention throughout 2003..

MOZAMBIQUE

Some 650,000 people in southern and central Mozambique require emergency food assistance. However, this figure may yet rise substantially in the coming months, following the WFP/FAO Food and Crop Supply Assessment mission.
Due to insufficient rains, it is very likely that this year's harvest will be even worse than last year's throughout the southern region and in parts of the central region.
The government's contingency plan for natural disasters estimated that the number of people who could be affected by the drought throughout the country could reach as high as 1.5 million.
For thousands of households, this will be their second - or in some cases third - successive year of shortages. Many of these families will have already exhausted their normal coping mechanisms.
Without food aid, the most vulnerable people may be forced to resort to more extreme measures - pulling their children out of school, selling assets, migration - all of which have negative long-term consequences.
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REPUBLIC OF CONGO
The situation in RoC has been volatile ever since hostilities erupted in 2002. Many thousands of people remain displaced by the fighting, and inaccessible to humanitarian agencies.Some people have succeeded in escaping the conflict area, and finding safety and shelter in camps. Others continue to hide in forests.Some 80,000 people were forced to flee their homes when violence broke out in the Pool region in March last year.. Three months later, another 20,000 people were displaced by attacks on Brazzaville. People were left with no choice but to walk for several days in the forest to avoid armed men before taking refuge in camps. Some families were separated, creating female-headed households and unaccompanied children. Living conditions both in the camps and urban centres is extremely precarious. Most IDPs lost everything in the fighting and are surviving off of relief food as malnutrition rates among the children and elderly rise. RoC is fighting its hunger against the backdrop of other tragedies: a 7.8 percent HIV/AIDS infection rate among adults and a recent outbreak of the deadly Ebola virus.In March, WFP provided food aid to large communities of people affected by Ebola in the Cuvette region. The virus is being brought under control, but a significant number of people have died. The authorities' efforts to isolate the spread of Ebola across the border have severely hindered internal trade in an area already struggling to survive.Many people in Cuvette rely on hunting.The virus also put a further strain on WFP's already limited resources to assist the people of RoC. The Agency struggles to feed some 34,000 IDPS who fled to the capital Brazzaville after the fighting in Pool. Groups that fled to other areas, such as Bouenza Plateaux and Niari Districts, have recently started to return home. Another estimated 60,000 people are still hiding, trapped in the forest for over six months and cut off from international assistance.WFP only has about one-third of the US$17 million it needs to respond. .
SUDAN
Two decades of armed conflict and recurrent droughts have left some 3.2 million Sudanese dependent on food aid for survival. The 20-year civil war between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Army - the single most important cause of food insecurity in Sudan - has resulted in massive displacement of civilians, disruption of agricultural activities and destruction of socio-economic infrastructures in the country. The effects of the conflict were compounded by three successive years of drought. Emergency food aid is urgently needed in the drought-hit states of Red Sea, Darfur & Kordofan, where the inhabitants' coping mechanisms have been exhausted. Even where there is relatively good food production, insecurity & a weak marketing system restrict the cost-effective movement of goods into hunger zones.The recent Machakos peace initiative has brought renewed hopes for peace and improved humanitarian access to areas of Sudan. The agreement, signed in July 2002 between the Government of Sudan and SPLM/A to cease hostilities, was followed in October by a Memorandum of Understanding between the two parties and the United Nations which provides for unimpeded humanitarian access to all areas and people in need of assistance.While allowing aid to reach parts of Sudan, such as the Blue Nile, for the first time, there has been a simultaneous need for extra resources to support populations previously trapped by the conflict.
SWAZILAND

Swaziland is facing yet another year of serious food shortages, which will leave at least a quarter of the population, or 250,000 people, dependent on food aid throughout 2003.
According to forecasts, this year's overall harvest will be around 40 percent less than normal. In some parts of the worst-affected Lowveld zone, many farmers are facing the prospect of a total crop failure.
Along with poor crop production, Swaziland is struggling with rising poverty (over 60 percent live below the poverty line), increasing unemployment (around 40 percent) and the devastating impact of HIV/AIDS (adult prevalence rate of 38.6 percent).
An estimated 152,000 people will require food aid over the next few months, but this figure is likely to increase dramatically over the course of 2003.
UGANDADespite announcements of recent ceasefires, fighting and attacks on civilians in Northern Uganda continues, including raids by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebels.on displacement camps and refugee settlements.The violence has left more than 800,000 people in urgent need of food aid - a significant increase on the 520,000 displaced people WFP was assisting in July 2002.Thousands of people have lost their homes and belongings. Crops across the region have been destroyed and harvests have been stolen or destroyed. In some cases farmers have not been able to plant because of the fear of being abducted or killed. This has left hundreds of thousands of people dependent on food aid for the foreseeable futureMany of the victims were already displaced people or refugees, living in absolute poverty in Adjumani, Gulu, Kitgum and Pader districts.
Despite the risks, which include attacks on WFP food convoys, albeit under heavy military escort, the Agency is still providing food aid to almost one million people in the north, including IDPs and refugees. However, a severe lack of resources recently forced the agency to slash rations by 70 percent of the daily food requirement for IDPs, and to 50 percent for the refugees. Emergency appeals to donors and the subsequent response have helped to remedy the situation, but the food pipeline remains fragile.At the same time. worsening drought in Karamoja district has prompted WFP to assist some 350,000 people until the next harvest is expected in June. If pessimistic rainfall forecasts prove correct, a greater number of people will need food aid as early as September 2003.
WEST AFRICA
Political crises and civil conflicts have plagued the Mano River countries – Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and, most recently, Cote d’Ivoire – for many years, leaving a trail of hungry internally displaced persons and refugees in their wake.
It is estimated that 791,000 IDPs and refugees need food aid across the West Africa coastal region.Sierra Leone’s brutal war was officially declared over in January 2002, with the disarmament of 47,000 ex-combatants under a UN-brokered deal.But peace is fragile in the world’s poorest country and food aid is essential to ensure peace lasts as thousands of refugees try to rebuild their shattered lives.Fighting has once again flared up Liberia, forcing some 135,000 people to flee their homes. With no political solution in sight, the humanitarian situation is expected to remain critical throughout 2003.Many IDPs now live in abandoned buildings, warehouses and out in the open air. Others have crossed the border into Guinea, Cote d’Ivoire and Sierra Leone, threatening to further undermine these countries’ own chances of recovery.The situation is also tense in Guinea, where WFP is providing food aid to more than 90,000 Sierra Leonean and Liberian refugees. Tens of thousands of Guineans, mainly farmers forced to abandon their land by fighting, are also on the move. Cote d'Ivoire: until recently, Cote d'Ivoire was one of west Africa's most stable and prosperous nations. But last September 19's army mutiny has seen insurgents take over the north and centre of the country and the uprising is now threatening to spill over into a region-wide crisis.
The parties to the fighting are implementing a fragile peace agreement, but sporadic fighting continues.
Some 200,000 people are believed to have fled the second city of Bouake since insurgents captured it along with most of the north; another 120,000, mainly west African migrants workers, have crossed the border into Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea Conakry and Liberia.
In response to the unfolding crisis in Côte d'Ivoire and its humanitarian implications for neighbouring countries, WFP has launched a regional Emergency Operation to assist over 170,000 victims of the civil unrest. Life-saving operations in Cote d'Ivoire and neighbouring countries includes:Distribution of emergency rations for displaced people, refugees, asylum seekers and evacuees (people returning to their country of origin).
Curative interventions, such as therapeutic & supplementary feeding for severely and moderately malnourished children.
Emergency school-feeding for primary school children in areas affected by severe food shortage due to the conflict.
WESTERN SAHEL

More than half a million people in five countries - Mauritania, Senegal, the Gambia, Cape Verde and Mali - are on the frontline of a drought.
The governments of Mauritania and the Gambia have already declared national disasters and appealed for emergency food aid.
Mauritania lies at the epicentre of the food crisis, with an estimated 420,000 people out of a total population of 2.7 million at risk of starvation.
First, a January storm killed tens of thousands of the livestock on which households depend for making it through Mauritania's hungry season.Then, in June & July, late, low and erratic rainfall delayed the start of the cropping season, possibly for good in some areas.
With farming communities across Mauritania already suffering from a poor 2001 harvest, the natural disasters have drained grain reserves and forced families to skip meals to cope with the food shortages.
Many people are borrowing money against the next harvest - whose outcome is likely to be poor - to pay for what little food can be found on rural markets.
Evidence of malnutrition now abounds in the form of exhaustion & loss of weight, night blindness, dehydration, diarrhoea and hunger-related deaths.
Cape Verde is also facing severe food shortages.
The harvest for 2002 was 23 percent less than in the previous year, and a recent food assessment showed that many families have eaten their seed reserves, leaving them nothing to plant in the next harvest.
In June and for the first time in more than 20 years, the Government appealed for international food aid to help cope with the increasing hunger and deteriorating living conditions.
MAURITANIA
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SENEGAL
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GAMBIA
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ZAMBIAAlthough Zambia's overall harvest is forecast to improve this year, parts of the southern region are facing another year of food shortages due to unfavorable weather conditions. Erratic rainfall resulted in the loss of significant crops, while pockets of the country also lost their crops due to flooding when the rains finally did come.
Zambia's agricultural production is hampered by the under-utilisation of the large amounts of available arable land and the abundant water resources.
Following the drought last year, 2.8 million Zambians required food aid up until the end of March 2003. This figure will fall dramatically in April as the harvest starts across the country, but hundreds of thousands of people will continue to need food aid, especially in the south.
The crisis in Zambia has been exacerbated by high levels of poverty and economic decline due to contractions in the crucial copper mining industry.
Even when the rural hungry can afford to buy food, Zambia's low population density means that they have to make an exhausting journey on foot over tens of kilometres just to reach the marketplace.When WFP Food-for-Work beneficiaries were recently asked whether they would prefer to be paid in cash for their labour, they responded that they preferred food as they would have nowhere to buy food with the money.
Zambia also has one of the highest adult prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS in the world - 21 percent.
ZIMBABWEZimbabwe, which has normally been a food surplus country, has seen a sharp deterioration in its food security due to a combination of factors: erratic rainfall; a steep economic downturn combined with an equally sharp rise in staple food prices; the negative impact of the government's land reform programme; and the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
The longest dry spell in 20 years has made the food situation especially dire; this is compounded by the huge fall in maize production by commercial farmers, whose yield is normally five times greater than that of small landholders.
The scale of the needs in Zimbabwe during the last year was staggering. In March alone WFP distributed 60,000 metric tons of food aid to 4.7 million Zimbabweans.
Continuing hyperinflation and widespread job losses in agriculture and related industries are rendering large groups of people highly vulnerable.
An overwhelming 33 percent of the adult population is infected with HIV/AIDS. Thousands die each month from the disease. Maintaining proper nutrition is essential to delaying the onset of AIDS and keeping people productive, but the prevailing food shortages have made this very difficult. The pandemic has created a large number of orphans, who are being raised by elderly grandparents. HIV/AIDS is depleting the agricultural workforce, which in turn makes it harder for Zimbabwe to produce enough to feed itself.
Traditionally, Zimbabwe exported large amounts of food due to a vibrant commercial farming sector. But the land reform programme has resulted in a huge drop in maize production. In part, this is because the average yield of subsistence farmers is much lower than that of their commercial counterparts. Moreover, the land reform programme was launched just when the dry spell began.
Continuing hyperinflation and high unemployment are rendering large groups of the urban poor highly vulnerable. Staple foods such as maize and wheat are scarce on the open market, but available at exorbitant prices on the parallel market.
WFP is currently in the midst of assessing the number of Zimbabweans in need of food aid for the coming year.

Monday, September 15, 2008

Oil price higher as Hurricane Ike forces shutdowns


Oil prices rose as Hurricane Ike swept up from the Gulf of Mexico, prompting companies along the Texas coast to shut down refining and drilling operations full story

Egypt's crayfish invasion


Aquatic ecologist Magdy Khalil has the most unusual of jobs. He's traveling from community to community along the river Nile, teaching Egyptian fishermen and farmers about the American crayfish.

Procambarus Clarkii: A blight, but maybe also a boon for Egypt's Nile.

That's because Egypt's best-known river is suffering from a crayfish invasion. Procambarus Clarkii to be exact. It's a native of Louisiana and relatively new to Egypt.
Now it's clawing and burrowing is damaging Nile river fishing and farming industries.
"In the 1980's somebody came to me and said that there was a new creature in the
river Nile," says Khalil. "After two days of examination, we determined it was the fresh water crayfish. It has no natural predator in the Nile."
With no natural predator, scientists say, the crayfish was free to roam from where the Nile meets Egypt's Mediterranean coast, down toward the arid nation's border with Sudan.
The Nile's warm waters and abundant food supply helped the crayfish evolve, Khalil says, to reproduce at twice the rate of other species.
Food supply, Egyptian scientists argue, is the source of the problem - and oddly, a possible solution to a growing crayfish threat.
Nile fishermen despise the crayfish because it uses powerful double claws to cut through nets, and then help themselves to the catch of the day.
"In an hour, a half hour - just ten minutes - the crayfish can claw my fish to death," says Salah Zayed a 56-year old fisherman who says he's been tossing his nets into the Nile since he was a child. "My catch is worthless."
The Procambarus Clarkii species can also burrow up to three feet underground. Ain Shams University researchers say the crayfish infestation of burrows is causing segments of the Nile Delta's water canal network to collapse.
In a country where temperatures can soar above 105 degrees Fahrenheit, water is too precious an agricultural resource to leave to threat from small-clawed crustacean.
Many Egyptians so despite the crayfish, it is known locally as "
the cockroach of the Nile."
Theories on just how the American crayfish found its way to the Middle East have reached urban legend status.
But it is widely accepted by scientists studying the crayfish invasion that this all started when an Egyptian businessman attempted to expand his fish farm industry by investing in shrimp.
"He bought what he thought were [shrimp] eggs to hatch in his fish farm," Khalil says with a wry smile.
"When they hatched into crayfish, they ate all the fish, then burrowed through mud partitions into neighboring fish containments and ate those fish too."
As the story goes, the businessman was so enraged that he took the crayfish and dumped them in the Nile.
From blight to disease defense
Khalil and other researchers at Ain Shams University's zoology department are looking at the bright side.
Khalil has joined with American research institutions to determine there is an unexpected benefit to the crayfish invasion -- the crustaceans are a natural defense against bilharzia, a parasitic disease that can cause damage to human organs.
Bilhariza is spread by a Nile river snail that carries the bilharzia larvae. The larvae can penetrate human skin -- most easily when people living along the Nile river wade through stagnant riverbanks.
Despite decades of government awareness campaigns -- Egypt's legendary singer Abdel Halim Hafez died of bilharzia complications in 1977 -- the water-born disease still affects millions of Egyptians. As Egyptian Bilharzia Institute researcher Karem El Homossamey walks along the Nile's west bank outside of Cairo, he points a few Egyptian women calf-deep in the water, washing carpets.
Prime candidates, he says, for catching the bilharzia infection.
"We must give more attention to public awareness -- and the importance of the crayfish to make the people of the Nile like it and put it everywhere," El Homossamey says.
El Homossamey says it's because the bilharzia snail is the crayfish's favorite treat. Ain Shams University ecologist research seems to back that claim.
"We put some fish, lamb, plants, dead chicken -- we found the first thing [the crayfish] selected was the snail, because the shell is very thin," Khalil says.
He argues areas of the Nile where there are more crayfish, human bilharzia infection rates are low. Khalil is telling crayfish awareness workshop participants that the crayfish is the answer to
spiraling food prices.
High in protein and cheap to buy, crayfish by the kilogram is making its way to Cairo's street markets. Khalil encourages fisherman to set crayfish traps in their fishing areas, to keep the crayfish out of their nets.
Sponsored by a grant from the United Nations Development Agency, Khalil's workshops include a buffet tasting of crayfish cuisine, including a crayfish boil that could put New Orleans to shame.
But judging by the frowns on the faces of some fishermen and farmers, it is clear it's hard from some workshop participants to shake the cockroach connotation.
According to the Louisiana Crayfish Promotion and Research Board, the crayfish meat industry is responsible for a $120million/year impact on Louisiana's economy. Khalil says if Egypt can develop a similar industry, the profits could be considerable.
"You see in Louisiana they are eating it, cooking it -- there are many festivals for the crayfish. We need to do the same here," Khalil says.

Mighty Wind: How Long Will Economics Work in Favor of Clean Energy?

Most of the renewable-energy business is busy fretting about the extension of federal tax credits, which expire at the end of this year. But the real story, it seems, is how clean energys biggest historical handicap is coming to be seen as one of its biggest selling points: its predictable cost. Coming soon to a coastline near you (AP)Take offshore wind power, the holy grail of big renewable-energy projects. Theres lots of wind a few miles out at sea; go out far enough, and even Kennedys will stop complaining about eyesores. The U.S. Minerals Management Service, lately notorious for opening ot...Original article link

Wednesday, September 10, 2008

UN warns of Ethiopia food crisis



The UN's senior aid official has called for greater international efforts to help millions of Ethiopians suffering from a severe drought.
About eight million people need urgent food relief and another 4.6 million need emergency assistance, accoring to the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
John Holmes, the UN's undersecretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief, said on Monday: "The response has been good in some ways, but we have a long way to go."
The World Food Programme (WFP) said people were coping by cutting down on the number of meals they eat, selling farm tools and other assets such as livestock and withdrawing their children from school so they can help find food.
A lack of rain in the main February to April wet season has left at least 75,000 Ethiopian children under age five at risk from malnutrition, OCHA said.
"In terms of the urgency of the food crisis, the risk of children dying of severe malnutrition is the most urgent," Holmes said on his way to a southern Ethiopian region devastated by the drought.
The UN appealed in June for $325.2m mainly for drought victims. Only 52 per cent of the appeal has been met.
Lost harvests
In Arba Minch, about 500km south of the capital, Addis Ababa, farmers said they were waiting for emergency support to feed their families.
The UN children's fund (Unicef) representative in the impoverished African country said the effects of the failed rains and rampant food inflation may drag on.
"The previous rains failed badly. It is very clear that many people in Ethiopia will continue to face problems in terms of food security," Bjorn Ljungqvis said.
The southern region of Oromiya has also been badly hit, 6,700 children were diagnosed as suffering from severe malnutrition in early August.
Ethiopia suffered severe floods last year which destroyed most of the food crop. This year the drought has worsened the situation and food prices have soared by 330 per cent.
Tens of thousands of residents in Boricha, southern Ethiopia, queue regularly for relief food at distribution sites.
Holmes says the risk of children dying of malnutrition is the most urgent [AFP]Of the 45,000 locals in need of food, only 38,000 are receiving help due to low government supplies, according to aid groups.
Soaring commodity prices have worsened the crisis.
In May, the WFP said the price of staples such as maize and sorghum, a cereal grain crop, had increased by about 90 per cent in less than a year, while wheat increased by 54 per cent between September 2007 and February 2008.
In recent years, Ethiopia has suffered alternate flood and drought disasters that has affected millions of people.
Holmes said on Monday relief operations were underway across the country, "but we need to make sure it reaches everyone".
"We need to make sure that [food shortages] don't degenerate into a famine that we've seen before," he said.

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